RESEARCH PAPER

Nature Communications paper presenting an open RAG–LLM framework that extracts ESRS-aligned quantitative ESG indicators from reports of 600 large European firms (2014–2023), with validation against Refinitiv and expert annotations.

Assessing corporate sustainability with large language models: evidence from Europe

Nature Communications paper presenting an open RAG–LLM framework that extracts ESRS-aligned quantitative ESG indicators from reports of 600 large European firms (2014–2023), with validation against Refinitiv and expert annotations.